Title:Online assignment

Topic:Programmed Instruction

Submitted to

Divya.

Optional teacher.

B.Ed College of Education

Maruthoorkonam.

Submitted by

Name: Anju.A

Reg no:13377002

Optional subject:English

Year:2013-2014

PTM College of Education

Maruthoorkonam

                     

INDEX

SL NO	Content	Page no
1	Introduction	1
2	Content	1-5
3	Conclusion	5
4	Reference	5

Programmed instruction

Introduction

In 1954 B.F. Skinner embarked upon a series of studies designed to improve teaching methods for spelling, math, and other school subjects by using a mechanical device that would surpass the usual classroom experience. He believed the classroom had disadvantages because the rate of learning for different students was variable and reinforcement was also delayed due to the lack of individual attention. Since personal tutors for every student was usually unavailable, Skinner developed a theory of programmed learning that was to be implemented by teaching machines.

                                         Programmed instruction is a system whereby the learner uses specially prepared books or equipment to learn without a teacher. It was intended to free teachers from burdensome drills and repetitive problem-solving inherent in teaching basic academic subjects like spelling, arithmetic, and reading. Skinner based his ideas on the principle of operant conditioning, which theorized that learning takes place when a reinforcing stimulus is presented to reward a correct response. In early programmed instruction, students punched answers to simple math problems into a type of keyboard. If the answer was correct, the machine would advance to another problem. Incorrect answers would not advance. Skinner believed such learning could, in fact, be superior to traditional teacher-based instruction because children were rewarded immediately and individually for correct answers rather than waiting for a teacher to correct written answers or respond verbally.

 Programmed instruction quickly became popular and spawned much educational research and commercial enterprise in the production of programmed instructional materials. It is considered the antecedent of modern computer-assisted learning.

                                             Although Skinners initial programmed instruction format has undergone many transformations, most adaptations retain three essential features: (1) an ordered sequence of items, either questions or statements to which the student is asked to respond; (2) the student's response, which may be in the form of filling in a blank, recalling the answer to a question, selecting from among a series of answers, or solving a problem; and (3) provision for immediate response confirmation, sometimes within the program frame itself but usually in a different location, as on the next page in a programmed textbook or in a separate window in the teaching machine.            

  Programmed instruction is a method of presenting new subject matters to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an examination question or filling in a diagram. They are then immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information. Computers and other types of teaching machines are often used to present the material, although books may also be used

• Programmed instruction consists of a network of statements and tests, which direct the student to new statements depending on his pattern of errors. It is based on a particular tool which is called teaching machine. Teaching machine

Teaching Machine

                                       The teaching machine is composed of mainly a program, which is a system of combined teaching and test items that carries the student gradually through the material to be learned. The "machine" is composed by a fill-in-the-blank method on

Either a workbook or in a computer. If the subject is correct, he/she gets reinforcement and moves on to the next question. If the answer is incorrect, the subject studies the correct answer to increase the chance of getting reinforced next time.

                                                          The teaching machine is merely a device for presenting the set of frames of which the program is composed. However, it is not supplementary but all-inclusive. The program will do all the teaching through a response/reward mechanism. Skinner also noted that the learning process should be

Divided into a large number of very small steps and reinforcement must be dependent upon the completion of each step. Skinner suggested that the machine itself should not teach, but bring the student into contact with the person who composed the material it presented. He believed this was the best possible arrangement for learning because it took into account the rate of learning for each individual student.

                                                           The machine is a laborsaving device because it can bring one programmer into contact with an infinite number of students. Skinners programmed instruction became a major education and commercial enterprise that flourishes today.

                                 There are two basic type of programming are used; Linear programming and branched programming

Linear programming

Linear programming immediately reinforces student responses that are correct. Each 'bit' of information is presented in a "frame," and a student who has made a correct response proceeds to the next frame. All students work through the same sequence.

               Linear programming involves a simple step by step procedure. There is a single set of materials and students work from one problem to the next until the end of the programme.  That is the students cannot move forward or do another game until hey finished the first task. It assures the complete under standing of an idea.

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                                                                                                                                          Etc.                                                                                                                                     

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Branched programming

Skinner arguing that students not only learn from knowing correct answers but also learn by making mistakes. In this programmed branching method the student is taken to one of several possible discussions depending on the qualities of the answers.

Characteristics of branched instructions

1. This method caused learning through cognitive reasoning.

2. The programmed textbook makes a branch to a discussion associated with issues relevant to the answers that was chosen.

3. In branching programming the student who responds incorrectly will either be returned to original frame or routed through a sub programme designed to remedy the deficiency indicated by the wrong choice.

But it doesn’t take a consideration the sequence of development and readiness to learn. It develops rote learning. Skills rather than critical thinking skills. And also the encouragement to respond quickly could develop bad reading habits.

Just as the programming developed more complexity over the years, so did the teaching machines themselves. Early, simple machines were little more than electronic workbooks. Later machines allowed students to be instructed on more complex material that required more than one-word or one-number responses. In some, students could write their responses and move ahead by comparing their answers to acceptable answers. Programmed-learning books differ from traditional workbooks because they actually teach new information through this step-by-step stimulus-response method rather than simply offering practice material for already-learned skills.

Conclusion

Research has shown that programmed learning often is as successful, and sometimes more successful, than traditional teacher-based learning because it recognizes the different abilities and needs of individual children. Students who have mastered the material can move ahead more quickly, while those who need more practice are

Repeatedly exposed to the problems. Programmed learning also allows teachers more time to concentrate on more complex tasks. One criticism of programmed learning centers on the lack of student-teacher interaction. It has been shown that some students thrive more fully with the human motivation inherent in more traditional learning situations.

REFERENCE

        Methods of Teaching English-Neela kamal

        English Language Teaching-Approaches, Methods, Technicques,

                                             Goethe Negara

Principles, Methods and techniques of Teaching.

                                              J.C Aggar wal